Fair Work Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1304 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Issue: The legal issue is if XYZ Pty Ltd Can be held responsible for the injuries suffered by Lewis. Lewis a truck driver who drives XYZ truck has been injured at the depot where he attends every day, Monday to Friday, to pick goods for delivery since 2001 after the advertisement they had placed for drivers. The question arises as to if it can be established that XYZ Ltd is liable under the law of Fair Work for the injuries suffered by Lewis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fair Work Act" essay for you Create order For this reason, it requires being seen if XYZ Ltd had entered into the contract with Lewis either as an employee or as an independent contractor.   This case relates to the benefits and privileges that pertain to an employee that an independent contractor cannot enjoy. Rule: To come to the decision of the liability of XYZ Ltd towards Lewis, first it requires establishing if the company has an obligation towards the safety of Lewis and if it exists; it requires establishing if that the company has breached such duty (Winter, 2015). In this regard, the Fair Work Act requires the injuries suffered by the plaintiff in the due course of the business to be compensated by the defendant. Actions in favor of the ‘sham contracts provisions under the Fair Work Act involves all knowing or reckless behaviors that result in denial of workers employment benefits and protection (Champ, 2015). These provisions are contained in the General protections provision of the Fair Work Act as applied to proceedings against such behaviors, for instance; the Fair Work Ombudsman v Quest South Perth Holdings Pty Ltd, the high court made it ruling (Barnes Lafferty, 2010) in accordance to: Section 357- Relates to misrepresenting employment as independent contracting arrangement: 1) A person (the employer) that employs, or proposes to employ, an individual must not represent to the individual that the contract of employment under which the individual is, or would be, employed by the employer is a contract for services under which the individual performs, or would perform, work as an independent contractor. 2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the employer proves that, when the representation was made, the employer: Did not know; and Was not reckless as to weather; The contract was a contract of employment rather than a contract for services. Section 358- relates to dismissing to engage as the independent contractor. An employer must not dismiss, or threaten to dismiss, an individual who: Is an employee of the employer; and Performs particular work for the employer; to engage the individual as an independent contractor to perform the same, or substantially the same, work under a contract for services. Section 359- Relates to Misrepresentation to engage as independent contractor. A person (the employer) that employs, or has at any time employed, an individual to perform particular work must not make a statement that the employer knows is false in order to persuade or influence the individual to enter into a contract for services under which the individual will perform, as an independent contractor, the same, or substantially the same, work for the employer. The court has described ‘sham,’ Lockhart. J described this word in Sharrment Pty Ltd v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy () as: â€Å"†¦something that is intended to be mistaken for something else or that is not really what it purports to be. It is a spurious imitation, a counterfeit, a disguise or a false front. It is not genuine or true, but something made in imitation of something else or made to appear to be something which it is not. It is something which is false or deceptive.† This definition implies an intentional disguise, but some situations override it impacts where parties to a relationship have advanced to maintain a contract for services that nevertheless is viewed to have legal characteristics that comprise a contract of employment (Davis, n.d.). Application: Lewis working hours vary according to the delivery tasks assigned thus he has no control of the work. Lewis drives XYZ truck. Thus he uses tools of XYZ Ltd in the performance of the work. Although he does not wear uniform Lewis abides by depot rules on smoking, drug use, maintaining radio contact with the depot when delivering goods. He his paid on hourly rate after deductions relating to his use of the truck (insurance, vehicle registration, etc.) are made. Under the fair work Act an independent contractor is left with freedom on how he should complete the work, gets own insurance, uses own tools and pays own taxes as compared to employees who are under the employer control and the employer caters for other benefits such as compensation or insurance. In our case scenario, Lewis seems to have much control from XYZ Ltd in the performance of his job and drives XYZ truck as a tool to perform his work. This definitely makes him under the Fair Work Act to be an employee of XYZ Ltd. As an employee of XYZ Ltd, the company has committed some omissions in the performance of the employer-employee contract. Moreover, Lewis as an employee is denied paid sick leave, and also he takes four weeks unpaid annual leave each year which violates the rights and privileges of an employee thus treating him as an independent contractor. This relates to Linkhill Pty Ltd v Director of the Fair Work Building Industry Inspectorate case in 2015; the High Court deprived of Linkhill Pty Ltd, a chance to make an appeal against the ruling by Full Federal Court’s decision. In its decision the Full Federal Court found Linkhill to have affianced into Slam contracting by having underpaid its ten contractors, contrary to Linkhill claims that stated they had paid them above award rates. XYZ Pty Ltd fails to meet the compensation required for an employee (Karsten, 2011). Asking Lewis to sign a form of acknowledgment that indicated he worked as an independent contractor, the company was breaching Section 357 of the General protections provision of the Fair Work by making a statement that it knows is false. The case relates to a ruling made on Fair Work Ombudsman v Quest South Perth Holdings Pty Ltd case in 2015. It concerned two housekeepers who had employed for some years by Quest South Perth Holdings Pty Ltd (Quest), they had entered into contracts with a labor hire providers (Contracting Solutions) to work for Quest (Karsten, 2011). The High Court ruled against Quest by holding that the Housekeepers were workers of Quest via an implied contract and held the company liable for breaching the provisions of Section 357 of the Act, which forbids bosses from making a misrepresentation to their employees regarding their employment standing. Conclusion: On the grounds of the law mentioned above and its application to the common case facts, it can hold that XYZ Pty Ltd has misrepresented employment as independent contracting arrangements. Therefore, it can hold that XYZ is liable for breach of the Fair Work Act of 2009. The rationale behind this conclusion is the fact that XYZ Pty Ltd made and advertisement for driver jobs which attracted Lewis, Lewis working hours vary according to the delivery tasks assigned thus he has no control of the work. Lewis drives XYZ truck. Thus he uses tools of XYZ Ltd in the performance of the work. Although Lewis does not wear the uniform, he abides by depot rules on smoking, drug use, maintaining radio contact with the depot when delivering goods. He his paid on hourly rate after deductions relating to his use of the truck (insurance, vehicle registration, etc.) are made. These evidence existences of an employment contract between Lewis and XYZ Pty Ltd. The Fair Work Act in Section 357 details the mis representation of employment as independent contracting arrangements an attempt by some employers aimed to evade meeting their employees benefits and safety entitlements which have portrayed in XYZ Pty Ltd case scenario.

Essay Abraham Lincolns Assassination - 3328 Words

Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States was elected president on November 6, 1860. Not even on the South’s ballot, Lincoln received 40% of the popular vote. As a strong republican, Lincoln believed in the abolition of slavery. Lincoln became president in the highest conflict between North and South in history, and wanted to preserve the Union. He believed that the South should not be punished after the Civil War, because he thought that they had already been punished enough. Abraham Lincoln’s lenient policies along with the effects of the Civil War led to his assassination. In the 1860’s, disputes began to arise about the amount of power that should be given to the State and Federal governments. During this†¦show more content†¦Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Courthouse, nearly ending the War (Reilly, B., Zimmerman, D. J.). John Wilkes Booth became a professional actor at the age of seventeen (Reilly, B., Zimmerman, D. J.). During the Civil War, he smuggled medicine to the Confederates and worked as a spy (Reilly, B., Zimmerman, D. J.). Then, when Richmond fell to Union forces, Booth was crushed by the fall of the rebellion and returned to Washington (The Effect of President Lincoln’s Death on National Affairs 4). Booth believed that Abraham Lincoln would be not be re-elected for his second term (Redford, R.). Soon after, Booth attended Lincoln’s second inaugural speech and uttered the words â€Å"What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, to kill the President on Inauguration day!† (qtd The Effect of President Lincoln’s Death on National Affairs). He hated that slaves would be treated as equals (The Lincoln Assassination and its Aftermath). Previously, Booth had wanted to abduct Lincoln to trade him for prisoners-of-war to benefit the Confederates, but the defeat of the South changed his plans to murder (Redford, R.). After the war, Lincoln gave a speech outlining his plans for peace and reconstruction for the country (34f. The Assassination of the President). Upon hearing Lincoln’s words, Booth muttered â€Å"Now, by God I’ll put him through†¦this is the last speech he will ever make† (qtd 34f. The Assassination of the President). Although the war was over, there was stillShow MoreRelatedEssay about Abraham Lincolns Assassination2628 Words   |  11 PagesAbraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the United States was elected president on November 6 in the year 1860. Not even on the South’s ballot, Lincoln received 40% of the popular vote. As a strong republican, Lincoln believed in the abolition of slavery. Lincoln became president in the highest conflict between North and South in history and wanted to preserve the Union. 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Global Business Marketing

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Business Marketing. Answer: Tesla Model 3 and the Product Features Tesla Australia deals with the manufacturing and selling of all luxury electronic products, along with electric automobiles and battery parts through B2C marketing strategy. This B2C model is referred to as Business-to-Customer marketing tactic that include promotion of product and related service among the customers (Stone, 2016). Tesla model 3 can be considered as the latest creation of the company in the year 2016 that involves automation, integration of telecommunication, and robotics features. The prime target within the market for this product is the youth, who always tries to explore the latest and popular product introduced in the market (Birk, 2015). The said model 3 offers five seated facilities with four door openings and provides the necessary comfort and financially affordable to its customers in every aspect. Being Teslas one of the cheapest model, it can be afforded by every class of people, and that this model acquire production which is larger in number compared to its previous model. One of the significant advantages of this design that have potential to attract the mass towards it is the efficiency is the battery that have long durability and standing power (Zheng, Zheng, Jiang and Ren, 2015). To draw the attention of its targeted market, the model also paid attention on its look by providing short front and overhanging rear, with a glass roof and a storage space at the bonnet. Along with the external appearance, it has also focused on some of its internal features like a spacious cabin, central touch screen facility, and flexibility option. The configuration of model 3 is fully based on custom based designed, which was not available in the former model (Birk, 2015). The present report further analyses the marketing strategy, PESTLE analysis and competitive analysis which is crucial for the present contemporary business environment. Strategic Analysis of Economic, Political and Socio-Cultural Environment Nowadays due to rise in the price of fuel, sustaining a car is a problem for every customer. On the other hand, Tesla provides an alternative source of energy that is chargeable battery, making its demand higher in the market (Zheng, Zheng, Jiang and Ren, 2015). This will certainly help in the economic growth of the company with increased attractiveness and sales. Australia being one of the major economic capitalists in the world, it has the opportunity to expand its business here after America. Additionally, with the rapid growth of the developing countries and their economies, the company also get a chance to increase its revenue keeping the view of these markets (Chen, and Perez, 2015). The political environment refers to the effect of the climate and the approach of the political parties that ultimately affect the business related operations. Tesla has politically established its principal markets in Australia such as taxation, employment and customer rights, and business legislation, and hence it has least political tension for its economic development (Crane, 2015). It has to responsive towards the political factors affecting their business industry. For example, government focus on environmental protection laws which stress on producing eco-friendly cars strictly meeting the emission levels, which is a supportive factor for Tesla. Similarly, the Australian open government provides various loan schemes for research of new and latest car technology (Crane, 2014). The socio-cultural environmental is the prior aspect of Tesla before entering to its target market. Being the producer of the electric car, Tesla has the chance to satisfy the Australian customers who these days prefer electric cars than the fuel cars (Chen, and Perez, 2015). Customers are more willing to spend their money on qualitative electric cars to improve their social status. The increase in the wealth gap between the higher class and middle-class people have become a threat to the company (Mangram, 2012). In addition to the upper class, the middle class is another important source of revenue for the company. Competitive Analysis Besides having several key features and attractive looks, Tesla model 3 has to survive in the market from its competitors. There are several other electric cars available in the Australian market including Tesla. Tesla model 3 provides 346 km battery backup per charge and have 5 seated facilities. It is designed in such a way that; it can attain safety rating of 5-star (Fontanhas, Cunha and Ferreira, 2016). The price is a little high with more efficiency and it cost is around $100000. One of its major competitors is Ford Focus Electric which costs around $37665 but provides around 122 km range per charge, and this limits its competition (Crane, 2014). BMW i3 Electric car is another its tough competitor which price is $63990 and has a range of 190km per battery charge which is very less as compared to model 3, but despite the high price and low range people desire to buy this model (Birk, D., 2015). Another prime competitor of Tesla is Mitsubishi i-MiEV Electric car having cost approx imately $48800 and gives a range of 150 km per charge. Being cost efficient, it does not provide sufficient range as that of model 3 (Fontanhas, Cunha and Ferreira, 2016). Recommendations Tesla model 3 is one of the cheapest models of Tesla, and its actual price will be declared in the coming year 2017. Its price is a presumed to be comparable with respect to its competitors. Furthermore, it also needs to focus on the pricing strategy for economic growth such as to increase the market size. The company should either use market-based pricing or value-oriented pricing or both of them (Cornell, 2016). In market-based pricing, the company should analyze its competitor's pricing and accordingly sets its price. While in value-oriented pricing, the company fix price taking into account the exact and observed price of the product. Moreover, Tesla should also focus on the market situation and customers view regarding the price (Charles, 2013). Distribution strategy is the most important aspect marketing mix in any business. In the present context, customers are aware of the location through which Tesla automobiles go through and where it can be accessed. Two principal places in the distribution strategy of Tesla include dealerships and retailers that needs to be maintained within the scope of networking and excellent communication/ information flow. Dealerships are the location where most of the sales deal and the transaction is to be done (Mangram, 2012). Tesla sells most of its cars through the dealership to the targeted market, which is also considered to be one of the most important aspect of their marketing strategy. Importnatly, there are retailers, where the companys automobiles, its spare parts are sold. These areas need to be managed by the company such as to reduce the impact of disruptive technology and offer seamless service to their customers (Voigt, Buliga and Michl, 2017). Promotional strategy is the most important criteria for marketing and sales of Tesla. It includes various principles as to how to interact and communicate with the target market. It can be through personal selling through dealerships and also through direct selling. Also sales promotion by giving discounts and deals attract customers (Abdulsater, 2014). Advertising through social or mass media is another important means of development. References: Abdulsater, A., Balasubramanian, A., Wang, B., Madani, F., Mansour, M., Talla, R. (2014). Technology Road Map for Tesla Motors Sedan EV. In Planning and Roadmapping Technological Innovations (pp. 215-238). Springer International Publishing. Birk, D. (2015). Tesla Motors, Inc. Market Analysis and Definition. Retrieved from https://www.content.grin.com/document/v309705.pdf Dated 28 Sep 2016. Charles, T. (2013). Competitive Strategies and Government Policies: The Automobile Industry (Tesla Motors). Docs. school Publications. Retrieved from https://www.oboolo.com/business-market/management/case-study/competitive-strategies-government-policies-automobile-industry-tesla-motors-84240.html Dated 28 Sep 2016. Cornell, B. (2016). The Tesla Run-Up: A Follow-Up with Investment Implications. Journal of Portfolio Management, Forthcoming. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2818536 Dated 28 Sep 2016. Crane, D. A. (2015). Tesla, Dealer Franchise Laws, and the Politics of Crony Capitalism. Iowa L. Rev., 101, 573. Crane, D. A. (2014). Tesla and the Car Dealers' Lobby. Regulation, 37, 10. Donada, C., Perez, Y. (2016). Editorial: Electromobility at the crossroads. Int. J. Automotive Technology and Management, 16(1), 1. Fontanhas, J., Cunha, J. and Ferreira, P., 2016. Is investing in an electric car worthwhile from a consumers' perspective?. Energy. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544216306922 Dated 28 Sep 2016. Mangram, M. E. (2012). The globalization of Tesla Motors: a strategic marketing plan analysis. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 20(4), 289-312. Stone, M. (2016). Business to business competitive marketing: Practice and literature. Journal of Customer Behaviour, 15(1), 3-14. Voigt, K. I., Buliga, O., Michl, K. (2017). Key Learnings: How to Start a Pioneering Business Model?. In Business Model Pioneers (pp. 213-215). Springer International Publishing. Zheng, K., Zheng, Z., Jiang, H., Ren, J. (2015, November). Economic analysis of applying the used EV battery to commercial electricity customer. In 2015 5th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT) (pp. 2100-2103). IEEE.

Demographic and Geographic Dilemmas

Question: Discuss about the Demographic and Geographic Dilemmas. Answer: Introduction: The issue regarding the gap of employment is getting bigger between the non-Indigenous Australians and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait People. According to the latest reports from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), the employment rates of indigenous people across the whole of Australia have only enhanced for those who have attained high levels of education, completed training or apprenticeships (Fawcett et. 2010). According to relevant reports, in accordance to Employment Gap only 56% of the Indigenous Australians of working age are dynamically contributing in the labour force, as compared to 78% of the population comprising of non-Indigenous people aged 18-65 (Altman 2016). The rate of active participation takes into account the people who are working, having full-time education or is energetically in the hunt for employment. Between the participating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander work force, a staggering 16% are unemployed currently, whereas for non-Indigenous Australians the rate stands at 5% (Biddle, Taylor and Yap 2014). The young indigenous people are the most likely ones to remain unemployed than any other age group. Young Indigenous Australians having educational qualification is best suited and most active in the labour force. They have the best chance of improving their employment factor. In 2013, approximately 78% of the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people attaining Certificate II were enthusiastically partaking in the labour force, compared to 40% who never had the chance of attaining these credentials (Gregory and Smith 2016). Attaining higher qualifications always offers a better chance of being employed, with 84% of Indigenous Australians with a diploma degree participating actively. The rate of unemployment also depends on the level of education that is being received by the Aboriginals, as people who received Level 12 or Certificate II makes up around 13% of the unemployment rate (Otim et al. 2014). Without proper qualification in education, the rate stands at 24% for the Indigenous population. The results have been promising but the education rate among Indigenous Australians still remains a worrying factor for all. Another factor that plays its part in having an impact on the outcome of labour market is the health or disability issue of Aboriginals. As per the reports, Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people are more prone to chronic diseases like diabetes, heart related issues and kidney disease (O'Connor, Wilson Setterlund 2003). If they are not able to maintain good health, they would never be able to compete in the labour market as they would lack that energy and zeal to perform even if they possess that will power to do the same (Davidson et al. 2013). Over the years, the Australian Government has come up with lots of plans and policies to bring parity among the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people. Success has not been there much, with gaps still existing between the two groups. The first and foremost thing that needs change is to improve the education system for Aboriginals and the conditions of the schools where they receive education (Eades 2013). It is surprising how a school in one of the rural areas of Australia, has filthy toilets, uncovered wiring and the existence of a hole in roof that lasted for a year. Walgett High School, as has been identified is situated in a region boasting bulky Aboriginal population, has the capability of handling 500 students, but astonishingly only 30-35 turn up each day (Chenoweth McAuliffe 2014). These students do not even have the urge to complete their education at school and carry forward that knowledge for further studies. Such a condition of a school would never be witnessed in either Sydney or Melbourne, but then why here. The Government needs to make sure that their thoughts, policies and schemes do not slip when it comes down to these Aboriginal people. The improvement should start from the basic level, if the Government really wants to bridge down the gap that exists, they need to mix the students in a school, and every good school should have their doors open for the Aboriginals too. Accessibility might be a problem, but not if government plans to offer a scheme in providing student scholarships to the Aboriginal students who have that required intelligence. Each renowned school and college should have quota system for the Aboriginals where atleast 20% of the seats should be reserved for them. They need that basic education and care to go ahead and achieve something big. Moreover, in Australia there should exist more companies like Rio Tinto, a big mining company having mining operations in Australia. During the mid-1990s only 0.5% of its workforce were indigenous ones, however, by 2010 the rate went up to 9% which is around 950 employees (Martin, Trigger and Parmenter 2016). More such Australian companies should follow the example of Rio Tinto where they have active employment programs for Indigenous people like job readiness training, support in literacy and numeracy, retention and improvement in career. Companies should be encouraged to have alternative retention methods for the Aboriginals like Indigenous people attending 4-5 days of workshops, where they get involved with problem-solving activities, receiving pre-employment training and an individual assessment from supervisors of the company (Griffin 2014). Companies should have Welfare and Workstart problem focusing on alcohol and drug training, literacy training, personal financial management . Non-Indigenous people should be given cross-cultural training so that discrimination and racism is never a part of organization life. Many indigenous people stay away from all these in fear of being bullied at workplaces. This needs to be reduced through Government policies of heavy penalty and imprisonment if anyone found guilty of doing the same. Companies and Governments should have different committees looking after this matter, so that indigenous people do not live jobs and sit at their homes or do something silly that is not viable (Browne-Yung et al. 2013). If employment rate of Aboriginals go up, they are most likely to be benefitted by it. Seeing a few, getting success in the corporate world and labour market would encourage more Aboriginals to join the suit. Earning money in a good way would improve their way of living and not influence them to indulge into criminal activities. They can maintain their and their familys health and well-being and work on improving their next generations future. Improvement in their employment rate, education and health would witness in improvement of their living areas, sanitation facilities and other such factors that long being an issue for them (Altman 2016). They would no longer be prone to such chronic diseases, as better lifestyle would offer them better ways of living and money to go for periodical check-ups from better hospitals. Everybody is going to be benefitted with things that have been proposed or needs change. Governments, companies, indigenous and non-indigenous people would all be the beneficiaries from this proposed change and things like this would create a better Australia. Australia faces lower level of human capital, which is why Government should assist the indigenous people to retain their places in the organizations, even if they lose jobs, get adequate training and get re-employed, especially during economic downturns (Jamrozik 2009). The biggest and foremost strength of this proposal is Australias unemployment would decrease a great deal, improving its overall economy condition. The human capital would increase for Australia and the gap that exists between Aboriginals and Non-Indigenous people should be reduced. A country can never improve if its people, be it of any culture and religion does not have necessities of life and they lag behind while others enjoy. A gap often leads to distraction, disparity, hatred and criminal activities that have been another major worry for the Australian Government to handle (Fawcett et al. 2010). Corporate organizations can all come in and support the government in bridging this gap as every industry in Australia is in need of labor. Aboriginals if given proper training and facilities can be very hard working people because they have so much to prove to others about how effective they can be in this society. Weakness is one thing that exists in any proposal or policies. In a society where people talk about equality, often they find doing things that leads to inequality. The quota system that has been mentioned in the change proposal might not hold well among the indigenous people who might protest against such actions. However, to pull up a community that has over the years being neglected is never easy. Strict rules are to be implemented so that they get that chance to highlight themselves to others what they are capable of. People does mention about being against racism (Williamson et al. 2016). However, there is still a lot of that remaining inside everybody everywhere around the world. The non-indigenous people might not enjoy the company of the indigenous people at workplace or other areas which might complicated things. If the organizations do possess different welfare programs for indigenous people, the non-indigenous ones barring a few would never be happy about that. This gap is like a curse that is slowly eating up a whole society, which is fighting for its existence in every manner they can. Reference: Altman, J., 2016. Basic Income for Remote Indigenous Australians: Prospects for a Livelihoods Approach in Neoliberal Times. InBasic Income in Australia and New Zealand(pp. 179-205). Palgrave Macmillan US. Biddle, N.G., Taylor, J. and Yap, M.L., 2014. Closing which gap? Demographic and geographic dilemmas for indigenous policy in Australia.Aboriginal Populations: Social, Demographic, and Epidemiological Perspectives, p.415. Browne-Yung, K., Ziersch, A., Baum, F. and Gallaher, G., 2013. Aboriginal Australians' experience of social capital and its relevance to health and wellbeing in urban settings.Social Science Medicine,97, pp.20-28. Cashman, P.M., Allan, N.A., Clark, K.K., Butler, M.T., Massey, P.D. and Durrheim, D.N., 2016. Closing the gap in Australian Aboriginal infant immunisation rates--the development and review of a pre-call strategy.BMC public health,16(1), p.514. Chenoweth, L McAuliffe, D 2014, 'Starting the journey: an introduction to social work and human service practice', in The road to social work human service practice, 4th edn, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-30. Davidson, P.M., Jiwa, M., DiGiacomo, M.L., McGrath, S.J., Newton, P.J., Durey, A.J., Bessarab, D.C. and Thompson, S.C., 2013. The experience of lung cancer in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and what it means for policy, service planning and delivery.Australian Health Review,37(1), pp.70-78. Eades, D., 2013. They don't speak an Aboriginal language, or do they?.Aboriginal ways of using English, p.56. Fawcett, B, Goodwin, S, Meagher, G Phillips, R 2010, People: who implements social policy, in Social policy for social change, Palgrave Macmillan, South Yarra, Vic., pp. 118-42. O'Connor, I, Wilson, J Setterlund, D 2003, Social work and welfare practice, 4th edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest, NSW. Gregory, R.G. and Smith, R.E., 2016. 15 Unemployment, Inflation and Job Creation Policies in Australia.Inflation and Unemployment: Theory, Experience and Policy Making, p.325. Griffin, D., 2014. Community and Inequality: Part 2: Australia. InEducation Reform: The Unwinding of Intelligence and Creativity(pp. 55-75). Springer International Publishing. Jamrozik, A 2009, Social policy in a free-market economy in Social policy in the post-welfare state: Australian society in a changing world, 3rd edn, Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest, NSW, pp. 21-47. Martin, D., Trigger, D. and Parmenter, J., 2016. Mining in aboriginal Australia: economic impacts, sustainable livelihoods and cultural difference at Century Mine, northwest Queensland.Natural Resource Extraction and Indigenous Livelihoods: Development Challenges in an Era of Globalization, p.37. Otim, M.E., Kelaher, M., Anderson, I.P. and Doran, C.M., 2014. Priority setting in Indigenous health: assessing priority setting process and criteria that should guide the health system to improve Indigenous Australian health.International journal for equity in health,13(1), p.1. Parker, R. and Milroy, H., 2014. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health: an overview.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice. 2nd ed. Canberra: Department of The Prime Minister and Cabinet, pp.25-38. Williamson, A., D'Este, C., Clapham, K., Redman, S., Manton, T., Eades, S., Schuster, L. and Raphael, B., 2016. What are the factors associated with good mental health among Aboriginal children in urban New South Wales, Australia? Phase I findings from the Study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health (SEARCH).BMJ open,6(7), p.e011182.

Gender Roles in Romeo Juliet Essay Example

Gender Roles in Romeo Juliet Essay The tragedy Romeo and Juliet has been criticized by many critics throughout the years. Most critics tend to agree that Shakespearean literature has strong gender roles. This means that the men will carry themselves with honor and pride. A typical man for the time period in which Shakespeare set his play was the head of the household; anything the man or also known as the head of the family wanted would be put into motion almost as soon as he finished saying the words. The strong males in the tragedy Romeo and Juliet are Juliet’s father Lord Capulet, Romeo, Mercutio, and Prince Escalus.A woman’s typical role of that time period was subservient, always holding her words when it came to decision making. Most women of the time were busy having children starting at or before the age of twelve and were married well before that. Juliet and the Nurse do the best job of portraying the female gender roles throughout the tragedy The main male character in Shakespeares tragedy, Rom eo, is a young man whose heart is filled with despair because he is unable to obtain the apple of his eye: Juliet.Throughout the play, Romeo portrays a rollercoaster of emotions, which does not support the belief that Shakespeare uses stong definitive gender arguments. Romeo fluctuates from melancholy to high spirits from unmanly despair to calm and moves from recognition that it is een so to a kind of adult fatalism (Evans 1057). A good example of Romeos fluctuating mood would be when he meets the Nurse at Friar Larwences cell. Whereas he was happy about getting married to Juliet in Act II and even wanted to embrace the Capulet family as his own, he now in Act III wants to commit suicide because Prince Escalus has exiled him from Verona.At this point in the tragedy, Romeo as a young immature and even irrational young man does not realize that he should be grateful that the prince has not ordered his execution. Right in front of the Nurse and the Friar, Romeo appears to have lost all forms of manhood when the Friar asks, Art thou a man? Thy form cries out thou art; Thy tears are womanish, thy wild acts denote The unreasonable fury of a beast. Unseemly woman in a seeming man, And ill-beseeming beast in seeming both! Thou hast amazed m. By my holy order, I thought thy disposition better tempered. Hast thou slain Tybalt? Wilt thou slay thyself,And slay thou lady, that in they life lives By doing damned hate upon thyself? (Act III. scene 3, lines 109-116) Romeo is the typical tragic Shakespeare hero because he is a basically good human being but possesses negative characteristics that will eventually lead to his own death. Some of his negative characteristics contradict his manhood and maturity. Romeo is clearly impulsive during several scenes in the play, which often goes along with the immaturity of a young male. For instance, as stated above Romeo is quick in his decision making. In several scenes in the tragedy, he is ready to kill himself before he even co nsiders the situation.Because he is so immature, he desperately needs the advice, support, and friendship of Friar Lawrence. It is interesting to note that Juliet, Romeos female counterpart in the play, exhibits the same flaws as Romeo. Just like Romeo, Juliet is also immature and impulsive and she needs the nurse for the same reason Romeo needs the Friar. The female main character is Juliet. Juliet is a young innocent girl of the tender age of twelve who more strikingly changes from a girl too young to have thought of marriage, into a mature suffering woman (Evans 1057).Juliet’s feelings and emotions, love and overwhelming feeling of wanting a perfect love are what makes Juliet fit the description of the stereotypical teenage girl. Juliet was initially against the idea of getting married when she states, it is an honor that I dream not of (Act I, scene 3, line 167). Her comment portrays Juliet as a typical indecisive young woman, but she is willing to give the marriage a cha nce because she wants to follow in the same footsteps as her mother. Here in Verona, ladies of esteem /Are made already mothers. /By my count I was your mother much upon these years ( Act 1, scene 3, lines 71-73).Sir Capulet, Juliet’s father, does a great job of portraying himself as the stereotypical domineering male figure in the play. He does a good job of holding his ground throughout the entire play. There is no scene when his opinion is not considered. Throughout most of the play, he refuses to listen to anyone’s comments having to do with anything from his daughter’s feeling on marrying Paris to who should be allowed at the masquerade ball. Juliet’s father also forcefully intends to set up the marriage between his daughter Juliet and Paris, the Count and relative to the Prince of Verona.In Act III, scene 3, he tells Paris, â€Å" I will make I will make a desperate tender Of my child’s love . I think she will be ruled In all respects by me . —Nay, more I doubt it not— Lady Capulet, go to her ere you go to bed. Acquaint her here of my son Paris’ love, And bid her, mark you me† (lines 12-17). The way he has stated this to Paris and his wife, Lady Capulet, shows that he is a chauvinist and he doesn’t care what anyone has to say about how they may feel about the situation. This counters the argument that Shakespeare did have definitive gender roles because Sir Capulet’s behavior clearly shows that.With the exception of Romeo, all the main male characters in Romeo and Juliet do have definitive gender roles. Mercutio plays an important role in the tragedy Romeo and Juliet. As he is not related to either Romeo or Juliet, his function in the play is different from that of other characters. Mercutio is a friend of Romeo and – as a friend – has a lot of influence on what Romeo decides to do. Being young, humorous, and somewhat immature, his purpose during his relatively sho rt presence in the play is to offer comic relief. In other words, his comments after a stressful scene relieve the tension.Shakespeare portrays Mercutio as a young male who appears to be hiding behind his jokes. Even when he is dying, he has the need to be funny: â€Å"No, ‘tis not so deep as a well, not so wide as a church Door, but ‘tis enough, ‘twill serve. Ask for me tomorrow, and you Shall find me a grave man. I am peppered. I warrant, for this World. A plague a both your houses! Zounds, a dog, a rat, a mouse† (Act III, scene 1, lines 92-95) Mercutio’s need to be humorous is a big part of his personality as a young male. Like Romeo, he is impulsive and immature.However, unlike the love-struck Romeo, Mercutio is more prepared to fight to show his manhood. Of course, Mercutio is ignorant about Romeo’s marriage to Juliet and therefore his reasons for fighting correlate with his role as a young male. According to the critic Appelbaum, â€Å"i f the regime of masculinity demands that its unsatisfiable goals be followed to the end, and subjects such as †¦Mercutio are compelled to try to complete themselves in ways that only result in their death, the Shakespearean canon often dramatizes what appears to be a desire to escape from the regime, to overcome or run away from the snares it sets† (Appelbaum 252).Mercutio wants to be the typical young male, and he is certainly not afraid to do as he says. However, as Appelbaum has clearly stated, Mercutio’s wish and need to be that stereotypical male eventually leads to his early death. Prince Escalus, unlike the other male characters in the play, has the inborn right to be in charge of the affairs of all citizens in Verona. In the case of Prince Escalus, it is not only his superior position in Verona that makes him dominant, but also his gender. As the Prince, he knows that the citizens must listen to his commands.In the beginning of the tragedy, for example, the Prince warns the people of Verona: â€Å"Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace, Profaners of this neighbor stained steel- Will they not hear? What, ho! You men, you beasts, That quench the fire of your pernicious rage With purple fountains issuing from your veins! †¦ And hear the sentence of your moved prince. Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word By thee, old Capulet, and Montague, Have thrice disturbed the quiet of our streets †¦ If ever you disturb our streets again, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. † Act I, scene 1, lines 72-88) It should be noted, however, that this dominating male does reveal fairness. When Romeo has been found to be involved in a fight that resulted in Tybalt’s death, the Prince exiles Romeo instead of having him executed. At the very end of the play, Prince Escalus fulfills his role of â€Å"Verona’s father† when he cleverly brings the Capulets and Montagues together after the deaths of Romeo and Juliet . His final comment suggests the new but gloomy peace in Verona: â€Å"A glooming peace this morning with it brings. The sun for sorrow will not show his headGo hence, to have more talk of these sad things; Some shall be pardoned, and some punished; For never was a story of more woe That this of Juliet and her Romeo. † (Act V, scene 3, lines 304-309) Prince Escalus, therefore, as the assertive male in the play, manages to reach his goal of having civil peace in Verona. It appears, however, that the Prince’s power is more the result of his position than his gender. Most of the female characters in Romeo and Juliet are rather weak and submissive. In a way, these characteristics give more power to the male characters.One obviously submissive yet outspoken character is Juliet’s Nurse. Already early on in the play, the Nurse clearly shows her love for Juliet. Apparently, the Nurse lost her own daughter years earlier, so Juliet has become her substitute daughter. When Sir Capulet demands that Juliet marry Paris at a time when he does not know about Romeo and Juliet’s marriage, the Nurse attempts to protect Juliet. In fact, she stands up to the dominating Sir Capulet, but it doesn’t take long for him to put the Nurse back in her place: â€Å"And why, my Lady Wisdom? Hold your tongue, Good Prudence.Smatter with your gossips, go! † (Act III, scene 5, lines 171-172) The Nurse not only shows her fear for Sir Capulet because he is her employer, but he is also a male in a male-dominated society. Another female character who clearly shows her inferiority to males is Lady Capulet, Juliet’s mother. Throughout the play, Lady Capulet is the stereotypical wife. Even though she is of noble blood, she is still inferior to her husband. Her position makes her stronger than the Nurse, but her gender makes her weaker than her husband. In most of her scenes, Lady Capulet merely does what her husband tells her to do.When her husband order s her to discuss the topic of marriage with Juliet, she dutifully complies: â€Å"Marry, that ‘marry’ is the very theme I came to talk of. Tell me, daughter Juliet, How stands your dispositions to be married? † (Act I, scene 3, lines 63-65) It almost seems as if Lady Capulet is afraid to bring up the subject of marriage. She clearly only does so because her husband has ordered her to do so. It is clear that Shakespeare created characters – both males and females – with very specific gender roles. These characters all seem to possess specific characteristics that fit their gender.With the exception of Romeo, the younger males all seem to want to be the stereotypical males. They are ready to fight, to argue, and even to die. Some of the characters, especially Mercutio, is especially typical of a youthful male. In the short time that he is present in this tragedy, he is lively, funny, energetic, moody, and likeable. Romeo, on the other hand, seems to d iffer from his contemporaries because he has an inner conflict. On the one hand, he wants to be the typical male just like his friends. When he falls in love with Juliet, however, he no longer has the urge to fight the Capulets and prove his manhood.Instead, he wants to be married and embrace his former enemies. When Tybalt wants to fight Romeo, Romeo no longer sees Tybalt as his enemy and in- directly tells him that he loves him as a relative. Unfortunately, Romeo’s conflict cannot be solved. His fate – and that of Juliet – is death, the typical ending for a tragic hero. The older males in this Romeo and Juliet are all very dominating because they are older and they are male. Both Sir Capulet and Sir Montague are the stereotypical father figures and dominating males in the play.It is only at the very end of the tragedy that they both realize their errors. The one male who is clearly the ultimate dominating character is Prince Escalus. However, his power does no t only come from his gender but also – and perhaps more so – from his position as the Prince of Verona. For the most part, the female characters play their part as stereotypical females; they tend to be weak and submissive. However, as stated before, their roles as females also strengthened the masculinity of the male characters. In all, gender roles are extremely obvious in Romeo and Juliet.

20 Ways to Laugh

20 Ways to Laugh 20 Ways to Laugh 20 Ways to Laugh By Mark Nichol Go ahead and try this (if you’re alone, that is): Explore all the varieties of laughter you can produce, and label each one. There’s an often-distinct word or phrase for each type. Here are twenty ways to laugh, and some related expressions. 1. (Be) in stitches: to laugh 2. Belly-laugh: to laugh in a deep, hearty manner, as if from the abdomen or in such a way that one’s abdomen moves from the exertion 3. Break up: to laugh as if helplessly 4. Cachinnate: to laugh loudly and/or obnoxiously 5. Cackle: to laugh harshly or sharply 6. Chortle: to chuckle or to otherwise laugh to express satisfaction or triumph 7. Chuckle: to laugh mildly and/or quietly 8. Crack up: see â€Å"break up† 9. Crow: to laugh derisively or gloatingly 10. Giggle: to laugh with short, repetitive sounds 11. Guffaw: to laugh boisterously and/or loudly 12. Hee-haw: a synonym for guffaw 13. Horselaugh: To laugh in a way suggestive of or in imitation of a horse’s neighing or whinnying 14. Jeer: to laugh disrespectfully or mockingly 15. Scoff: to laugh derisively or dismissively 16. Snicker: to partially suppress a laugh, as if to conceal one’s mirth 17. Snigger: an alteration of snicker, with the additional connotation of mischief 18. Split (one’s) sides: to laugh convulsively, as if continuing to do so will cause one’s body to rupture 19. Titter: to laugh in an affected manner, or nervously; also a synonym of snicker and snigger 20. Twitter: a synonym of giggle or titter, but also means to chatter or to tremble as if agitated One can howl, roar, scream, shriek, snort, or whoop with laughter. One can also be said to burst (or bust) out laughing, to convulse with laughter, to die laughing, and to be helpless with laughter, as well as to roll in the aisles (as if unable to keep from falling into the aisle while seated at a humorous performance). Other idioms include â€Å"laugh your head off† and â€Å"laugh yourself silly.† Can you think of any more words or idioms? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Ã¢â‚¬Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International marketing - Essay Example The assignment delineates from different perspectives how information technology and systems has changed the demeanour of marketing across nations, in the global arena. The paper emphasises the fact how IT has influenced marketing from strategic planning, execution and evaluation of marketing programs to decision making; information technology has brought about drastic implications for marketing personnel, specifically for those operating internationally. The assignment also discusses the trickledown consequences of the IT assimilation with the marketing function and how it has in fact distinctly changed the way products are manufactured, marketed and distributed internationally; it has radically transformed how brands are built in a global scale and has also determined new grounds for creating long lasting and loyal end-user customer and organisational relationships in the international dome. Importance of Information for Marketing Sooner than discussing the importance of informatio n and technology systems in marketing, it is important to first consider what an information system actually is and why it is so crucial for marketing. Marketing in general, is all about gaining information over the existing and emerging needs of the consumers that comprise the market, doing research and devising strategic plans for accumulating resources for execution of plans, production of required products, promotion and publicity, distribution of the same to ensure availability of goods and services to the market which eventually satisfies those prevailing consumer needs. Briefly marketing is that only vital business function that provides organisations the platform to get to know to and interact with the end user customers and consumers. So, marketing would be an incomplete extravagant effort without prompt, precise and continuous information flow about the market. Therefore, an information system is the part and parcel of marketing function and activities. An information syst em on the other hand is an organised automated program that assures timely, precise and incessant flow of information for managerial use. So, the contemporary organisations are increasingly incorporating information systems and technologies with marketing to make the most of their IT investments and marketing proficiencies for gaining command over the market needs. As a result of which diverse marketing information systems are being successfully established and executed by both local and international organisations (Doole and Lowe, 2008). Philip Kotler, the guru of marketing, considers that an integrated marketing information system is over and above a mere system of collection of data and is beyond any set of information technology or systems; a marketing information system is an enduring and cooperating structure of people, paraphernalia and procedures to draw together, arrange, study, evaluate, and disseminate relevant, timely and precise information for use by

The Life of an Outsider in New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Life of an Outsider in New York - Essay Example On the other hand, Mosley paints a less romantic picture of America by detailing struggles of the working class. He says that although America is a land of great wealth, it has a large population of the poor population. The paradox of the situation is that while the poor people make the wealth for the rich people, the wealth is retained by a smaller part of the population. It is essential to highlight that immigrants usually provides the highest population of workers. Such workers do low-end jobs that involve tedious work. Mosley blames the middle class for their negligent attitude on the phenomenon of income inequality (White 187).   Ã‚  Capitalism, therefore, is a disease to the country since it relies on wage labor as a contributor to profits. In spite of its importance, labor is not adequately compensated for the same. On the other hand, Mosley paints a less romantic picture of America by detailing struggles of the working class. He says that although America is a land of great wealth, it has a large population of the poor population. The paradox of the situation is that while the poor people make the wealth for the rich people, the wealth is retained by a smaller part of the population. It is essential to highlight that immigrants usually provides the highest population of workers. Such workers do low-end jobs that involve tedious work. Mosley blames the middle class for their negligent attitude on the phenomenon of income inequality (White 187). Capitalism, therefore, is a disease to the country since it relies on wage labor as a contributor to profits. In spite of its importance, labor is not adequately compensated for the same.

Choose one of the nine titles on subject 'theories of global politics' Essay

Choose one of the nine titles on subject 'theories of global politics' - Essay Example Is the Realist Approach to International Politics Redundant? Realism, in its simplest sense, simply describes international politics as a state of anarchy, where each and every state has reason to fear other states and, for that reason, is justified in wanting to secure itself against these potential threats. It assumes that power is or ought to be the primary driver of all political action, whether at the domestic level or international (Alexander Moseley, 2005). As eminent realist thinker Thomas Hobbes (1651) put it â€Å"where an invader hath no more to fear than another man's single power, if one plant, sow, build, or possess a convenient seat, others may probably be expected to come prepared with forces united to dispossess and deprive him, not only of the fruit of his labor, but also of his life or liberty. And the invader again is in the like danger of another† (Leviathan, Ch 13). Loosely translated, Hobbes assumed that people are naturally equal, motivated by competiti on, diffidence and glory, and that they interact in the absence of government. Hobbes concluded that man, and in turn the state, was in a constant state of war. A realist is one who subscribes to the thought that it’s a ‘dog eat dog world’, that every man has the capability to harm or destroy another while competing for the same goal which only one of them can achieve and that every other man has the tendency to be evil in such a situation. From the international perspective, there is no higher power than the state, which is motivated by its national self interest, is trying to a accomplish the same thing as other states in the world i.e. ensure its survival and in the absence of an international government, a state can pursue its national interest in terms of power and that the interests of the state transcend the issues of morality and ethics. The purpose of realism is to promote the notion that power is the fundamental feature of international politics and is therefore, essential for survival. It does not necessarily mean that the most powerful state has the greatest chances of survival. However, the state with the least power is at a considerable disadvantage among its peers. Hobbes claimed that, â€Å"even the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination, or by confederacy with others† (Leviathan, Ch 13). In other words even the strongest of states is not safe while there are other states with the potential to unite or employ less overt means of warfare against it. The limited resources of the world would lead to competition between nations, the relative equality described by Hobbes would lead to fear of assault from another country, and man’s inherent vanity would ever more serve to heighten the state of tension between nations of the world. Realism does not suggest that the nations of the world would be prepared to launch a full scale war against each other at the drop of a hat. As Jac k Donnelly explains, â€Å"We can figure out the rules of coexistence and cooperation. But without a government to enforce those rules, we remain condemned to war† (Realism and International Relations, P. 15). As long as there is no superior power to constructively tap into man’

Body Shape and Gender

Body Shape and Gender Body Shape and Gender differences in ratings. Introduction Body image is the way people perceive themselves and equally important, the way they think others perceive them. Body image is constantly changing, and is always being modified by biological growth, trauma, or decline. It is also significantly influenced and moulded by life circumstances which bring about pain or pleasure. There are many factors that influence how people perceive their own body image and others. Factors such as culture have a significant influence on perceptions of body images. As people tend to compare their self to what is acceptable within their own culture, and see if they match the standard of others. Although, womens perception of the ideal body shape, is a thin one. Delameter 2004 stated that attraction is characterised as an attitude, which consists of feelings beliefs and behaviours, whether it is a positive or negative one is dependant on the persons perception of the individual. Socio cultural theory The sociocultural theory is a perspective that presents the idea that human behaviour is affected by cultural influences. It highlights the important of cultural values in understanding how individuals are perceived by others and how they perceive themselves. In relation to body image and attractiveness, the sociocultural perspective would offer the idea that if the culture deems attractiveness to be important and is admired within its members, then individuals within the society will value attractiveness in themselves as well as others, and the same idea would apply if the culture deems attractiveness to be of less importance then the members of the society would then not look into the importance of attractiveness within themselves or others. Within the socio cultural theory there are three approaches which help to explain the role of physical attractiveness in everyday life. The first theory being the social expectancy theory, this theory argues that cultural values influence perceptions of others and the behaviour, which in turn influences the behaviour of others which then has an impact on the self perception of others. The â€Å"self fulfilling prophecy† is the sequence of events that happens in order for people to make judgments on others, which are based on the other personss and expectations, and then the individual is led to believe they are as the perceiver expected them to be. An example of this in relation to body image, if a shop assistant was helping a customer chose clothes and had to fetch the customer clothes without asking for their size, and kept bringing back larger sizes. The customer may then begin to think that as the shop assistant perceives them to be larger that they are actually much large r and if such events occurred over a number of times the customer would then believe it to be true over a period of time. There are many hypotheses that derive from the social expectancy theory such as: There is a consensual agreement within cultures about who is attractive and who is not attractive, but variability among cultures. There are consensual expectations within cultures about attractive and unattractive others, but variability among cultures. People behave differently toward attractive and unattractive others. Peoples differential behaviour toward attractive other results in differences in how they respond. These behavioural differences result in differences in the elf-concepts of attractive and unattractive others. There is very little research looking into the reasons why attractiveness is valued, or why some faces and body characteristics are considered attractive and others are not. The next approach descending from the socio cultural theory is the implicit personality theory. This approach focuses on the knowledge structure that people use to make sense of their social world, which is to understand and predict the behaviour of others. Implicit theories are conceptualised as cognitive structures that consist of personal attributes an inferential relations that specify the degree to which attribute are related. An example of the attribute â€Å"intellectual† might be expected to go well with the attribute â€Å"studious† rather than the attribute â€Å"nervous†. Implicit personality theory provides a framework for understanding the physical attractiveness stereotype. The category label physically attractive is presumed to be linked to a variety of attributes; the number and nature depend on the culture. Cultural information is transmitted through direct observations of attractive others and by exposure to cultural representations of attractiveness. However, the theory does not explain why different cultures associate different attributes with attractiveness. The final theory to stem from the social cultural theory is the status generalisation theory which has evolved from sociological theories. The theory suggests that external status characteristics are used to generate expectation states regarding performance, with or without prior association between these characteristics and performance and with or without conscious awareness. Status generalisation theory views physical attractiveness as a â€Å"diffuse† status characteristic because if discriminates among individuals and establishes performance expectancies â€Å"without-limit† that is, without regard to the actual relevance of attractiveness to performance. From the status generalisation perspective, physical attractiveness should be associated with a wide range of desirable attributes in both perceptions of others and self perceptions. Similarly, like the social expectancy theory and implicit personality theory, the status generalisation theory predicts that people hold more positive expectations for attractive than unattractive others. All three theories predict that people behave more favourably towards attractive than unattractive others, and that more favourable treatment results in more favourable self-concepts for attractive people. The socio cultural perspective, states that culture defines what an attractive body is and self perceptions of body attractiveness depend on these cultural definitions. The closer body self perceptions comes to the ideal, the higher the self rating should be of body attractiveness. Therefore, body image should depend on cultural ideals and on how an individual perceives his or her own body in relation to these ideals. This also, suggests that culture is an important issue which frames certain individuals perception on their body image, and perception of others. Research following the socio cultural perspective has been found to suggest that body ideals vary among cultures as well as within cultures across groups and time. Present-day Western cultures idealise thinness for females and an average type for males. The thin ideal for women replaced the more full d one of the 1950s, and may soon be replaced by† fitness â€Å"ideal that began to emerge in the 1990s.) Evolutionary theory â€Å"The evolutionary theory argues that for the existence of universally shared criteria of attractiveness, which are cues to a persons potential reproductive success† Buss (1999) according to this theory, females are believed to select partners that will enhance their reproductive success, and the biological features are deemed to be found more attractive. It is stated that the biological features are â€Å"to honestly signal that one individual is more â€Å"desirable† then another† Buss 1999. Culture Within many different cultures there are different standards of what attractiveness is, and there are a wider range of acceptable weights and shapes. Within the â€Å"white† Western culture female attractiveness consists of a slender body shape. Slenderness is generally associated with happiness, success, youthfulness and social acceptability. Over weight for both men and women has been seen as physically unattractive and is also associated with other negative characteristics. Research from Bordo (1993) found that excess flesh started to become linked with low morality, reflecting personal inadequacy or lack of willpower. Slenderness symbolises being in control, which in turn is seen as an attractive feature. The firm toned body is seen as representing success. Most people do not have slim, toned bodies, so they have to work towards fitting in with the norm of society. Bordo states that the current idealisation of slenderness is that the body is kept under control â€Å"The ideal here is of a body that is absolutely tight, contained, bolted down, firm† (Bordo 1993: 190) In a study by Tiggemann and Rothblum (1988) asked a large number of students about their stereotypes of fat and thin men and women. They were asked to rate the extents to which eight qualities were typical of thin men and women and fat men and women. Men and women in both cultures reported negative stereotypes if fat people. Although, fat people were seen as warmer and friendlier, confirming the traditional stereotype of the fat jolly person, they were also viewed as less happy, more self indulgent, less self confident, less self disciplined, lazier and less attractive than thin people. These judgements were marked of fat women than fat men. The results indicate negative stereotyping of fat people, especially fat women. Tiggemann et al stated that from the findings they found â€Å"there were no differences in stereotyping between students who were fat and those who were thin. Even those who were overweight had negative stereotypes of fat people† Dion researched the link between attractiveness and positive personal qualities. He stated that â€Å"What is beautiful is good† Dion et al 1972: 285). Dion stated that people tend to assign more favourable personality traits and life outcomes to those they perceive as attractive. More recent supporting evidence came from Eagley (1991) suggested that the effects of physical attractiveness stereotypes are strongest for perceptions of social competence. Negative stereotyping of overweight may be a specific aspect of the physical attractiveness stereotype that refers specifically to assignment of negative traits to those who have a body size and shape that is not considered attractive by dominant groups in western cultures. It is often assumed that womens obsession with weight is linked with their desire to be attractive, to men, but research from Fallon and Rozin (1985) disagrees with this idea. They conducted an experiment which consisted of participants were shown line drawings of women ranging from extremely thin to extremely fat. It was found that women chose their ideal as thinner than what they believed men to prefer and this is more evident to be done in adolescence Cohn et al (1987) which may have an impact on how women rate and judge other womens bodies, and levels of attractiveness. The societal pressure hypothesis states that, the thin standard of beauty seen in the mass media encourages women to strive for unrealistically thin Silverstein et al (1986). Whereas, in African cultures â€Å"black† females have described their standard of an ideal body on non body factors such as style of clothes, skin, ethnic pride and so on. The black community has a unique view of ideal weight and body size compared to white mainstream culture. Black women tend to support a larger and more moderate idea body size than the very thin ideal that is favoured by the white western societies. Also in contrast, to overweight white women, over weight black women are more likely to view their bodies as attractive. There is also less prejudice against overweight people amongst the African cultures. Jackson and McGill (1996) found that when black men were asked to â€Å"relate several descriptors with the term â€Å"obese† they were more likely to associate positive characteristics such as â€Å"attractive† and â€Å"generous† and less likely to state negative attributes such as â€Å"lazy† or â€Å"uneducated† compared to the opinions of white men. Similarly, black women were more likely than white women to relate â€Å"sexiness† with â€Å"obese† in regard to same race men.† This more tolerant and appreciative view of overweight and obese body sizes likely. Langlois 2000 most research on physical attractiveness dominates research on attractiveness as it maybe most accessible trait when first meeting someone. Whereas in Western societies Furnham 1983 found that there is an inverse relationship between high social class and low body weight, the inverse is true of less developed, non-Western societies. As it has also been shown that the longer immigrants have been in Western societies, the less obese they tend to be. This study examined how Kenyan Asian, British and Kenyan British females from similar backgrounds perceived female body shapes. As predicted, the Kenyans rated larger more favourably and smaller less favourably than the British. Also, as predicted, it was found that the Kenyan Asian British were more similar to the British group in their perceptions. The results support the view that social and cultural factors play dominant role in the perception of ones own and others body shapes. In addition, the results reveal that in Britain preferences for small body shapes to the point of being anorexic are not uncommon. WHR ratio It is difficult to state where fat is distributed and to comment on whether it is appropriate or inappropriate. Before puberty boys and girls have roughly the same pattern of fat distribution. However when puberty strikes, due to oestrogen, it causes fat to be placed around the hip area of the body. The affect on male bodies is that testosterone causes the body to distribute the fat around the abdominal region. The fat distribution is measured by the wait hip ratio (WHR). The WHR is obtained by taking an individuals waist at the narrowest point, and hip measurement, and then finding the ratio of the two measurements. The WHR is a reliable index of the distribution of fat between upper and lower body according to Leibel, Edens and Fried (1989) also they stated that the loss or gain of 10 pounds doesnt appear to affect fat distribution. Healthy men typically have a WHR in the range of 0.85- 0.95 and for women the WHR is in the region of 0.67-0.80. In relation to attractiveness, it has become apparent that over the years the female has become more curvaceous over time. Later studies have looked mostly at select groups of women such as playboy centrefolds and Miss America contestants. Based on data from these populations, researchers have hypothesised that the female body shape is moving away from an hourglass shape and becoming curvier. This would indicate that women when rating bodies and their perception of them should favour the curvier shapes. However, when Singh (1993) re-examined the same data using the WHR, it was found that despite a reduction in total body weight, WHR has remained fairly stable at the measurement of 0.68-0.72 over the years. These ratios are still very indicative of an hourglass form. If women had a very curvaceous body shape their WHR would approach 1.0. Although, attractiveness does change over time, and these issues should be considered when men and women are rating body shapes for attractiveness as it may affect the scores they give. However, it does appear that the relation between a small waist and attractiveness has remained fairly similar. Mostly, western societys trends have been for women to exaggerate the smallness of this feature with a few exceptions, an example of this comes from periods such as the flapper period; where waist lines were eliminated. Research by Morris 1985 showed that in this â€Å"flapper† period women went to high levels of extremes to fit in with the small waist preference, and had their lower ribs removed. A narrow waist is often a preferred and†¦. Singh 1993 research found that both male and female subjects have the ability to use the WHR by itself to make judgements about womens attractiveness and other features which suggests that body shape is a very important variable, which should implicate that WHR is an important feature when body perceptions are made. Within Singhs study he allowed participants a 12 line drawing of female bodies, which four different WHR ratings. These images were also split into three body sizes of underweight, normal or overweight. , participants were then shown all images, and asked to rate the attractiveness of each in order. Participants were also asked other questions to group the images in certain groups. The results from this study found that participants can make discriminations about images, based on weight and WHR. The results also found that participants preferred women with lower WHR and found them more attractive than the higher WHR. The normal weighted were rated higher whereas, the unde rweight and overweight images were perceived as being less attractive. Singhs study implies that female attractiveness is associated with low WHRs, and that fat distribution is more important than body weight when determining attractiveness. Singh also stated that a small WHR was gender specific, so a low WHR is more favoured when the image people are presented with to rate are females have a low WHR. Male images with low WHRs are judged as least attractive no matter what their weight category is. Research by Palwlowski and Grabarcyk 2003 conducted research into WHR, and investigated the difference within WHR and the different components that are a part of WHR dimensions. They looked into the hip size and the waist size. In order to state which asset is more important when males are rating female attractiveness they conducted an experiment whereby participants were presented with a series of photographs where the WHR had been altered with, in either the hip or waist area. It was found that attractiveness was correlated negatively with WHR especially when it was manipulated. Although, some research by Tassinary and Hansen 1998 has suggested that hip size is more influential than waist size. In many traditional societies, living in relatively poor conditions, where fat reserves in hip and thigh regions may be important as an energy source during pregnancy and lactation, as it may be expected that there could also be a preference for wider hips. On the other hand, in modern societies; where there is no risk of having not enough food and where there are resources for financially poor mothers, resources are given to support them. Therefore, men may be harsher judges about waist size. Although, Tovee et al 1999 found that weight was more important than WHR when participants were judging womens attractiveness. Anorexics Body perception may differ between anorexic people, research by Furnham et al 1994 studied three groups of anorexic females, teenagers and mature adults, all participants were shown male and female body images which ranged in body size; from thin to fat. The participants were then asked to rate them on four categories using a 10 point rating scale. It was found that both anorexic and teenage groups rated the thinner women as more attractive than the mature females. Both mature and teenage females rated the fat female body shape more positively than did the anorexics. This study design was altered in the experiment that was conducted. Influential research Swami and Tovee (2005) researched the cues that are perceived to influence rating female attractiveness, which were bass mass index (BMI) and waist-to hip-ratio (WHR). This study examined the relative contribution of both cues in two different cultures; British and Malaysian. Both cultures were asked to rate the females images where BMI and WHR was presented with the image, and asked to rate the attractiveness of the image. The results showed that BMI is an influential factor whereas, WHR doesnt emerge as a predictor, which suggest that the WHR doesnt have any major impact when rating images for levels for attractiveness. Thornhill and Grammer 1999 used real images of women and this study also found that BMI is strongly correlated with attractiveness than is WHR. Swami, Salem, Furnham Tovà ©e (2008) criticise standard research into ratings because they often use ratings of unrealistic drawings of women. They developed a scale using real photographs of women the photographic rating scale (PFRS), taken from the front view and wearing a neutral costume. The PFRS was designed to overcome many of the limitations associated with line-drawn that are currently in use, including a lack of realism and poor ecological validity. Based on a sample of 208 adult women, the results of the study showed that the PFRS had good validity in that all images were correctly rank-ordered by BMI. Marlowe, Apicella Reed (2005) criticised standard research on this topic from a different angle they said that WHR has only been evaluated using front-on , where WHR involves waists and hips of varying comparative sizes. They created a scale of in profile and varied how large the s buttocks were. They concluded that womens actually vary regarding where the fat is deposited in some cultures (e.g. USA) it tends to be deposited on the hips (and is favoured/disfavoured there) whilst in other cultures (e.g. Tanzania)it tends to be deposited on the buttocks (and is favoured/disfavoured there. Smith, Cornelissen Tovee (2007) also had something to say about where fat is distributed and how different this can be from person to person. This prompted them to conduct a study using real womens bodies, where participants were shown many angles around the 360 degree spectrum. it appears that cardiovascular fitness may be a weak cue, at least in bodies not undergoing cardiovascular exercise. Instead, it seems that more salient cues, such as body mass and skin tanning, are the primary determinants of attractiveness judgements. The current study has been inspired by a popular news article in the Mail Online, which presented a range of 12 body shapes, including â€Å"Pear†, â€Å"Skittle† and â€Å"Goblet† (Trinny Susannah, 2007). This news article acknowledged the varying places where body fat can be distributed on the female . The current study intends to vary the positioning of body fat deposits and the amount of body fat, to test whether it is only WHR that affects raters judgements or other elements of body fat distribution. This will be accomplished using artificial widening and narrowing of three photos, to produce three sizes for three shapes being tested. It is anticipated that Differences in judgements between males and females and between body sizes are expected, as found in previous research. However, it is also anticipated that there may be some interesting differences in ratings depending on where body fat is distributed. It is expected that top heavy distribution of fat may be more unfavourably rated than bottom heavy or equally distributed body fat across all body sizes tested. However, there may also be interaction effects, for example, with only minor body shape differences for the narrower , yet greater body shape differences for the wider . There may also be an interaction between gender and these issues (e.g. males may be more discerning about body shape than females, or may be more discerning than females about body shape for some body sizes and not others). The hypothesis that arises from the previous research that has been discussed is: To investigate if there is a relationship between the different types of body shapes and the perception of body image between different genders. If there is an effect within altered body shapes and between gender overall. Method Participants A total of 180 participants were recruited at random from social networking website to take part in the online questionnaire. Most participants were selected from the university social network so the participants consisted of a range of individuals studying different courses. The participants age ranged from 18-25 with a mean of 21.5. An equal gender split sample was selected to participate. The participants were randomly assigned to a questionnaire, each questionnaire required 20 participants to take part in the study. 10 males and 10 females were randomly chosen to complete each the questionnaire. Materials The materials used in this experiment were the questionnaire, which was created using an online service. A copy of the questionnaire can be seen in the appendix (see appendix?). The questionnaire results are then logged online. The results will then be analysed using the computer program SPSS. Each questionnaire contains 9 different images, consisting of 3 original images which were altered in size. The original 3 were pear, skittle and goblet body shapes which are the stimuli. Design The experiment will be analysed through a three-way ANOVA on the attractiveness ratings: a 2 (Gender: Male, Female) x 3 (Body Size: Narrowed, Original, Widened) x (Body Shape: Pear, Skittle, Goblet). The independent variable is the reaction to body image. This will be measured through a rating scale, whereby participants will be asked to rate the level of attractiveness of the picture they are presented with. The attractiveness ratings are the central concern of this study, with the other ratings appearing to help reduce demand characteristics. Although each participant will rate just one stimulus, between participants three body shapes and three body sizes will be rated. The dependant variable is the image that the participant will be faced with, and the gender of the participant. Procedure Participants were randomly assigned to participant and complete one of the 9 questionnaires. There were 9 different images altogether; each of the 9 questionnaires had a different image. After this had been created, 9 separate online groups were created on the social networking website, which participants were then randomly allocated a website to click on and complete the questionnaire. Once the participant had been randomly selected, a link was sent the participant to complete the questionnaire. Once the participant clicked the link they were presented with the assigned questionnaire. The participant was given a brief description and outline of what the experiment asked them to do, and once the participant agreed they continued through with the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding the participants age and gender. Participants will be faced with one, female stimulus to rate, followed by four questions, which will ask them to rate the stimulus on: attracti veness, healthiness, success and popularity. The rating scale will consist of 1 being â€Å"definitely not† attractive and so on and 10 being â€Å"extremely† attractive and so on. After the participant had then completed the ratings they were then presented with a small debrief description, and once they had done so an option of whether their participation was still acceptable to go on and be analysed was offered and the results were logged on the online survey website. Ethics Ethical issues with this study were addressed sufficiently and followed the BPS ethical guidelines in line with the methods used. The biggest issue was of informed consent. The participants could not be allowed to know the end aim of the study to eliminate demand characteristics. This was addressed by a number of steps being followed: the subject matter will be made clear from the start and the task will be clearly explained. Also the responses will be entirely anonymous; and, in the debrief contact details will be provided for help and advice on any matters that may have distressed participants, and the participants will have the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time. Another issue that may occur is the issue of psychological harm to the participants, as the participant may feel inadequate when viewing the image and compare themselves against the image they are presented with too much. This issue will be addressed by a detailed debrief explaining that the images are a fi ctional image, to help lower the low self esteem that may arise. Also participants if given a questionnaire with the researcher present may feel pressured and may think that they themselves are being judged by the researcher about their body image, as the experiment is about this issue. However, this issue will be minimised as the questionnaire is online, and the researcher will not be present and the participant may answer the questions alone and not feel pressured by the researcher. Another, issue that may have been if the researcher had to be faced with the participant, is physical risk of the participants health which is deemed to be minimal; however this is primarily an online survey so that it will involve participants using their normal computing facilities. For the online recruitment, the participants and researcher will not meet face to face. However, Should additional face to face recruitment be required, it will take place in the public areas of the University in location s that both participants and researcher frequent in their normal daily lives. Other issues such as clinical interventions are not involved in the study and it is not expected to involve the University with any financial or legal risks. The Psychological risk to the researcher is considered to be minimal because the researcher understands the nature of the study and what is involved in both the subject matter and the data collection process. Results A three way ANOVA was used to analyse participants ratings. There are 3 main effects that could affect each participants results. However within these effects there maybe some interactions between these through a two way interaction: 1) Body size x Body Shape 2) Body size x Gender 3) Body shape x Gender. By comparing body size x body shape x gender this is looking at a three way interaction was made. The mean of all scores was 4.9944. After a Post Hoc analysis was conducted and the results from this test are shown below. The main effects of the results are as follows. The results show that the ratings of images were not significantly affected by the factor Body Shape. Main effect of Body shape [F (2, 162) = 0.523; p = 0.594]. The main effect of Body size was significantly affected the rating the participant gave: [F (2,162) = 10.702; p=0.001]. Also, both genders were significantly different when rating all body shapes when they were widened (4.08) compared with original (5.28) and narrowed scores (5.62). The type of body size the participant was faced with impacted on the attractiveness rating they gave. The main effect of gender was shown to be significant [F (2,162) = 7.254; p =0.008]. The main effect of gender overall, the means were significantly different the average rating given by males was 4.61, whereas, the female rating was 5.38, showing a significant difference between scores. Below is a table showing the means for each body shape and gender. The table indicates that there is a significant difference between the average score of Goblet (low WHR) ratings, which show that males rate the Goblet (low WHR) lower 4.20 than females 5.60. Below, are graphs showing the interaction between all three factors and there average, mean scores, and the differences between scores. This graph shows the difference between the scores given of body size, between males and females. The means of all scores are shown. The graph indicates that overall, in all three body sizes, females rated the image higher than males. The mean for widened images shows that males significantly in particular rated this image lower 3.53 than females 4.63 this is a significant difference. (See table 1) The graph shows the interaction between the mean scores of body shape and gender. Females rated the all body shapes higher than males. The biggest

The Study of Si Surface Structures Essay examples -- Science Experimen

The Study of Si Surface Structures The goal of this study is to determine the ratios of surface type upon the Si sample. Data is collected from the Si samples using SPALEED. By analyzing the data from dates where combined surfaces are present it is possible to determine the amount of certain types of surfaces present on the sample. The ultimate goal is the ability to control the growth of Pb islands upon the Si crystal. Applications of this research include the design of advanced microprocessors and quantum wires. Introduction: The goal of the REU project to which I was assigned is to determine the amounts of certain types of crystalline surface structures present upon the Si crystal that had been used in previous experiments involving the formation of Pb islands at low temperature. This is accomplished by analyzing certain aspects of the data collected by Spot Profile Analysis Low Energy Electron Diffraction (SPALEED). The data sets are taken from different experimental runs involving various surfaces and are compared to one another. These surfaces include combined types of surface structures as well as those with only a single surface structure present. Background and Experimental Procedure: Within ultra-high vacuum and at very low temperature, a Si crystal is placed. This crystal is heated by use of a tungsten filament to high temperatures in order to eliminate impurities. The Si is then heated again at certain temperatures and for specific durations of time in order to create particular crystalline surface structures. Atoms of Pb are then deposited upon the Si crystal by a process of evaporation. The amount of Pb deposited is known and is measured in terms of monolayers, or layers of Pb upon the surface measu... ...is known through previous experiments that the surface of the Si upon which the Pb is deposited can change the height of the Pb islands formed. By altering the silicon surface upon which the Pb is deposited it is hoped that the Pb islands can be controlled. The hope is that the work here can help pave the way for computer chip architecture in the next fifty years. If the Pb islands can be deposited evenly and placed in specific locations it is believed that they can be use as quantum wires, dramatically increasing the speed of the silicon chip computer. At this time the data is promising. With more data and further analysis the problems of controllable Pb island formation are sure to be solved. The use of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and SPA-LEED are the keys to unlocking the mysteries of the Si surface and it’s connection to the formation of the Pb islands.

Physics for Future Presidents Notes-Final Exam

Energy: the ability to do work. Work= force x displacement. Power=energy/time Power is measured in watts or horsepower. Joules/sec=watts 1hp=746w=1kw Basal metabolic rate 2000kcal/day= 100w Batteries store energy in chemical form. They release energy by pumping electrons’ through wires from the minus pole to the plus pole. Devices inbetween convert this energy to another form, Efficieny- e. motor=85%, combustion= 20% Hydrogen is not a source of energy but a means of transportation Types of energy: kinetic e(in joules)= . 5mv^2.Solar energy- 1gw per km^2 Solar energy can be turned into electricity through solar cells 15%=cheap, 40% efficiency=expensive. Caloric theory of heat=caloric fluid flows from hot object to cold. Heat engine= device to turn heat energy into useful work: heat comes from something hot but only some goes to useful work. Satellites=free fall. Ionizing radiation=energy in the form of waves or paricle Beta radiation-just an electron, wont go through skin but r eally bad inside you alpha- he2+ nucleus-wont go through skin but bad once inside. Comes from radioactive particles like lead 210 or iodine. amma- high energy photon, may go through you. neutrineos-noninteracting, come from fusion, cosmic rays-very powerful. Come from supernovas. Moves at speed of light moderator-slows neutrons b/c they are absorbed better when slow ciritical mass needed for nuclear bomb-5kg, resistence of wire depends on length, longer=more resistance. Thickness-thinner=bigger resistance, material. Escape velocity=velocity required on the surface to completely leave a planet Rcket-goes nowhere near escape velocity – drag from atmosphere is bad, goes slower but carries fuel Tin Celsius = Tin Fahrenheit ? 2 ? 5 9 Tin Fahrenheit = Tin Celsius ? 9 + 32 . 5 Nuclear energy Source of energy of energy in plants=radioactive particles such as uranium and plutonium. A chain reaction is the doubling law that takes you from small numbers to high numbers in a small number of generations. Aromic bombs are based on chain reactions of u-235 or pu-239. Plutonium is manufactured in nuclear reactors. Difficult bomb design (implosion). Hydrogen bomb=fission ignites secondary reaction that contains two isotopes of hydrogen-most dangerous part of residual radioactivity.Nuclear reactors are based the chain reaction but normally work with neutron multiplication of 1 o reaction doesn’t grow. Moderators slow neutrons so they are more likely to attract to nucleus. If moderator is lost the chain reaction stops. If it runs away and c. r. begins to grow exponentially, the slowness of the neutrons limits the size of the explosion. Since a c. r. depends on slow neutronsa cr that depends on slow neutrons cannot give rise to a nuclear explosion so therefore a reactor cannot blow up like a bomb b/c when temp increases, aroms are moving too fast for the neutrons to hit them so the c. stops. It will blow up like tnt, but 1 mil times smaller than a bomb. N reactor= d evice in which sustained c. r. takes place. Neutrons hit nucleus to cause another fusion. Power doesn’t grow, is constant. Power comes out in the form of hear. Nuclear reactors use moderators- a chemical mixed with fuel that slows down the neutrons. Isotopes are different types of atoms (nuclides) of the same chemical element, each having a different number of neutrons. Power-rate of energy release. Cookies=high energy. Tnt=high power. I kg h=1 gal gas.Heat energy (or just heat) is a form of energy which transfers among particles in a substance (or system) by means of kinetic energy of those particle. Nuclear energy= energy stored between the forces between parts of atomic nucleus. Energy=measured in calories or joules. I watt-I joule/sec. most useful kinds of energy=chemical and potential. One calor is the enrgy it takes to raise one kg of water by one degree Celsius. 4k joules=calories. Solar cells- crystals that convert sunlight directly into electricity. K energy depends on sq of v. double speed=kinetic energy increased by factor of 4.. emp is a measure of hidden kinetic energy. Disorider= entropy. Double abs temp=double pressure. Heat engine= any engine that runs by turning heat into mechanic motion. Laws: 0-objects in contact tend to reach same temp. 1- energy is conserved. 2-you can’t extract heat energy w/o temp difference- tend towards same temp 3-nothng can reach temp of abs 0. Satellite in low earth orbit=5 mi/sec. high sat=slow. Geosynchrous sat= sat that orbites in 24 hours. . blackhole=escape velocity = faster than speed of light. Big mass or lots packed into small radius . rockets fly by pushing burned fuel down. /c rocket weighs so much more fuel, the amount of velocity gained by rocket is much less than the fuel velocity so very inefficient. Gravity=attraction between two masses. Radioactivity= explosion of nucleus atom. Radiation=pieces thrown out in explosion.. chernyobyl-vessel explosded in Ukraine, radiation went all the way to stockhom. Don’t know if deaths were from radiation or regular cancer. Firefighters died from radiation45 rem receved average.. 25 rem=1% cancer chance. The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen.Thinks methane is the way since ch4. he term â€Å"hydrogen economy† describes an envisioned large-scale scheme of delivering energy by means of hydrogen, particularly for â€Å"motive power† (personal cars, buses, planes, ships, etc. ). This is attractive for several reasons, among them the clean way in which hydrogen burns (it only leaves water as a residue), its high energy per weight, and the fact that fuel cells can convert hydrogen’s energy directly into electricity that subsequently powers an electric motor, with a combined efficiency exceeding that of ordinary combustion engines.Around 4:00 am on the morning of March 28, 1979, water pumps in the non-nuclear section of Three Mile Islands’ Unit 2 nuclear power pla nt stopped working. This prevented the steam generators from removing heat from the plant and initiated an automatic shutdown of the reactor. The possiblity that the melting of fuel rods could result in a release of radioactivity to the surroundings was of great concern. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission was alerted at 8:00 am and the White House was alerted at 9:15 am. By 11:00 am, all non-essential personnel were evacuated from the facility.The remaining personnel worked to bring the situation under control over the next several days. According to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, this accident, â€Å"was the most serious in U. S. com- mercial power plant operating history, even though it led to no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of the nearby community. But it brought sweeping changes involving emergency response plan- ning, reactor operator training, human factors engineering, radiation protection, and many other areas of nuclear power plant operations. â €  – melted cre